Deficiency of Vitamin B 12

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 deficiency can have serious health consequences. Here are the details:

 Causes:

1. Dietary Deficiency: Most common in vegetarians and vegans, as B12 is primarily found in animal products.

2. Malabsorption: Conditions such as pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or use of certain medications can hinder absorption.

3. Gastrointestinal Surgery: Procedures like gastric bypass or bowel resection can impact absorption.

4. Age: Older adults may produce less stomach acid, which is necessary for B12 absorption.

5. Medications: Long-term use of medications like proton pump inhibitors and metformin can affect B12 absorption.

 Symptoms:

1. Hematologic: Anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and pallor.

2. Neurological: Numbness and tingling in hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory loss, mood changes, and even dementia.

3. Psychiatric: Depression, irritability, and cognitive disturbances.

4. Other: Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), mouth ulcers, and vision problems.

 Diagnosis:

1. Blood Tests: Measuring serum vitamin B12 levels, complete blood count (CBC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine levels.

2. Additional Tests: Intrinsic factor antibodies and parietal cell antibodies for pernicious anemia, and bone marrow examination in severe cases.

 Treatment:

1. Dietary Adjustments: Increased intake of B12-rich foods (meat, fish, dairy, and fortified cereals).

2. Oral Supplements: High-dose B12 supplements for those with mild deficiency.

3. Injections: Intramuscular B12 injections for those with severe deficiency or malabsorption issues.

4. Monitoring: Regular monitoring of B12 levels and symptoms, especially in at-risk populations (elderly, vegetarians, people with gastrointestinal conditions).

 Prevention:

1. Diet: Ensuring a diet that includes sufficient amounts of B12, especially for vegetarians and vegans.

2. Supplements: Consider B12 supplements if dietary intake is insufficient.

3. Regular Check-ups: Routine monitoring of B12 levels in older adults and those with gastrointestinal disorders or on long-term medications that affect absorption.