Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
What Is Conjunctivitis?
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It can be caused by infections, allergens, or irritants and is often contagious. While conjunctivitis is usually not serious, it can be uncomfortable and may require treatment depending on the cause.
Types of Conjunctivitis
Viral Conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis is caused by viruses such as adenovirus, herpes simplex, or enterovirus. It spreads easily through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, or respiratory droplets. Symptoms usually start in one eye before affecting the other and include redness, excessive tearing, mild itching, and a watery discharge. There is no specific treatment, but cold compresses, artificial tears, and hygiene measures help manage symptoms. Most cases resolve within one to two weeks.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs due to bacterial infections from organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. It is highly contagious and spreads through direct contact with infected secretions, touching the eyes with unwashed hands, or using contaminated personal items. Symptoms include redness, eye pain, swelling, and thick yellow or green discharge that may cause eyelids to stick together. Treatment typically involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments, which speed up recovery.
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitis is triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust, pet dander, or mold. It is not contagious and often occurs seasonally. Symptoms include intense itching, redness, swelling, watery discharge, and sensitivity to light. It may also be accompanied by other allergy symptoms like sneezing or nasal congestion. Avoiding allergens, using antihistamine eye drops, and applying cold compresses can help relieve discomfort. In severe cases, prescription medications may be needed.
Irritant Conjunctivitis
Irritant conjunctivitis is caused by exposure to substances like smoke, chlorine, pollution, chemicals, or foreign objects. It is not contagious and typically resolves once the irritant is removed. Symptoms include redness, burning, excessive tearing, and discomfort. Flushing the eyes with clean water or saline can help relieve symptoms. Avoiding further exposure to irritants is key to preventing recurrence.
Symptoms of Conjunctivitis
The symptoms of conjunctivitis vary depending on the cause but commonly include:
Redness in one or both eyes
Itchy or irritated eyes
Watery or thick discharge (clear in viral cases, yellow or green in bacterial cases)
Crusting on the eyelids, especially in the morning
Swollen eyelids
A gritty or burning sensation
Light sensitivity
In viral conjunctivitis, symptoms often start in one eye and spread to the other. Bacterial conjunctivitis tends to cause more discharge and eye crusting. Allergic conjunctivitis is usually accompanied by sneezing and nasal congestion, while irritant conjunctivitis develops after exposure to chemicals or smoke.
Treatment and Management
Home Remedies for Conjunctivitis
For mild cases, home care can help relieve symptoms and prevent the spread of infection:
Cold Compress: Helps reduce swelling, itching, and irritation, especially for viral and allergic conjunctivitis.
Warm Compress: Helps loosen bacterial discharge and soothe discomfort.
Artificial Tears: Lubricates the eyes, reducing irritation in all types of conjunctivitis.
Proper Hygiene: Wash hands frequently, avoid touching the eyes, and change pillowcases and towels regularly.
Medical Treatment
Viral Conjunctivitis: No specific medication; symptoms usually improve within two weeks. In severe cases, antiviral medications may be needed.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Antibiotic eye drops or ointments like erythromycin or ciprofloxacin help clear the infection within a few days.
Allergic Conjunctivitis: Antihistamine or mast cell stabilizer eye drops (such as ketotifen or olopatadine) can reduce symptoms. Severe cases may require corticosteroids.
Irritant Conjunctivitis: Immediate eye rinsing with clean water or saline can help remove irritants and relieve symptoms.
Prevention Tips
Wash hands frequently, especially after touching the face or eyes.
Avoid rubbing the eyes, as it can worsen irritation or spread infection.
Do not share towels, pillowcases, eye makeup, or contact lenses.
Clean and store contact lenses properly to prevent bacterial infections.
Wear protective eyewear when swimming to avoid chlorine irritation.
Use air purifiers and keep windows closed during allergy season to minimize exposure to allergens.
When to See a Doctor?
Medical attention is necessary if:
Symptoms worsen despite home care.
There is severe eye pain or swelling.
Vision becomes blurry or affected.
There is extreme sensitivity to light.
The discharge is excessive or foul-smelling.
Proper management of conjunctivitis involves early identification, good hygiene, and appropriate treatment based on the underlying cause.
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